Leche de burra en casos de alergia a la leche de vaca en humanos. Un desafío para Argentina
Resumen
En humanos, las alergias alimentarias (AA), han sido calificadas como
un problema emergente de salud pública en los países desarrollados. La alergia
a las proteínas de la leche de vaca (APLV) es una respuesta inmune a determinadas
proteínas presentes en la leche bovina que ocurre después de la
ingestión de la misma y es una de las alergias de mayor prevalencia (0,5-4%) en
niños de hasta un año de edad. Los principales alérgenos de la leche de vaca
están distribuidos entre las fracciones del suero (20%) y de la caseína (80%).
El tratamiento para APLV consiste en eliminar los productos lácteos de la dieta
a fin de evitar la exposición a los alérgenos implicados. Debería proponerse
a estos pacientes el sustituto menos alergénico. La fórmula extensamente hidrolizada
de leche bovina contiene algunos epítopes que pueden ser reconocidos
por el sistema inmune y causar reacciones alérgicas. En general, hay un
25–80% de niños con APLV que desarrollan una reacción cruzada con la fórmula
que contiene soja, o leche hidrolizada de otras especies de rumiantes. La leche
de burra es considerada una alternativa válida para los niños con APLV debido
a su composición semejante a la leche humana, su probada tolerabilidad, palatabilidad,
y su adecuada concentración de nutrientes como también la gran
cantidad de compuestos bioactivos. Considerando la alta tasa de tolerabilidad
encontrada en diversos estudios utilizando leche de burra, se ha propuesto que
sea considerada como una formula hipoalergénica natural para el tratamiento
de alergias a las proteínas de origen bovino. La producción de leche de burra
en Sudamérica está en desarrollo y debería ser objeto de estudio en centros
hospitalarios locales para que los niños afectados con APLV puedan acceder a
productos de calidad y de mercado nacional para su consumo. Argentina cuenta
con las posibilidades agroecológicas para la producción de leche de burra en
particular en áreas áridas o semiáridas y bajo el formato de pequeñas producciones.
Se podría contribuir al desarrollo socioeconómico de áreas marginales
y a generar un producto natural de origen rural que podría ser una alternativa
para los niños con APLV.
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